In the 23rd century, the
survivors of a nuclear war live inside The City of Domes, a paradise of plenty.
The world is a hedonist’s delight with the Love Shop and other pleasures, but
the metropolis is not without a downside.
Every citizen must die at age 30, and hope
for “renewal” in a state-sponsored ritual called Carousel that keeps the
civilization perfectly balanced.
Policing this edict are a cadre of armed law enforcement officials, the
Sandmen.
One such Sandman, Logan 5 (Michael York)
is tasked by the city’s controlling Computer with determining if the
destination of refugees, called Sanctuary, is real. Logan enlists the help of a young woman,
Jessica (Jenny Agutter) in escaping the city, but is tagged as a “runner” and
hunted by his former partner, Francis.
When Logan and Jessica manage to escape
the city, first they find a malevolent robot, Box, and later see the outside
world for the first time.
In the ruins of Washington D.C., they meet
an Old Man (Peter Ustinov) who proves that the edict of “death at 30” is not
natural.
Logan's Run serves as a critical "bridge"
production of the 1970s. It blends the dystopian qualities of such film
predecessors as Soylent
Green (1973) and Planet
of the Apes (1968),
with the elaborate, expensive visual effects and action-adventure qualities of
the Star Wars (1977) age.
Logan's Run is based on the William F. Nolan and
George Clayton Johnson novel of the same name, which was first published in
1967. The novel depicted a bizarre world set post-"Little War," in which the ascendant youth society
of the turbulent late 1960s (think student demonstrations and sit-ins) had
grown to become the globe's dominant social force. In an attempt to stave off
overpopulation, starvation, and poverty, a new society of the young was forged
in which the mandatory age of death was 21 years of age. It was "never
trust anyone over thirty" (or 21 here...), but as a governing philosophy.
Citizens of this New World Order had
"palm flowers" embedded in their hands which displayed their age and
their chronological proximity to "Last Day." On said "Last Day" (their 21st
birthday...) they would willingly report for mandatory termination at a local
Sleep Shop. Those who didn't choose death would illicitly "run"
instead, seeking escape through an underground railroad, in search of a place
called "Sanctuary." Policing the populace and destroying these
rebellious runners is the bailiwick of a young, fascist military force called
"Sandmen."
In the book, a dedicated Sandman named
Logan 3 teamed with a female runner named Jessica to locate Sanctuary, but he
was secretly a double-agent for the government, tasked with the destruction of
Sanctuary. Logan was pursued on his "run" by a Sandman friend named
Francis, who also boasted a secret identity...as Ballard, an ally of runners and the man who
knew where Sanctuary was actually located. In the book, Sanctuary was but a
rocket trip away, on Mars...
Many aspects of Nolan and Johnson's
brilliant novel were significantly altered for the blockbuster film, which
earned over 50 million dollars on a cost of less than 10 million.
Specifically, Michael York's Logan 5 (not
Logan 3) was the hero of the silver screen version, and his Sandman comrade,
Francis (Richard Jordan), became a dogged enemy and Agent of the State instead
of a secret aide to the Runners.
Also, the Sleep Shops (actually seen in Soylent Green....)
were replaced with the bizarre but impressive public spectacle of Carousel, a
festival in which those aged thirty (not twenty-one) would be blown up before
the eyes of excited crowds who believed that the doomed were actually being
"renewed," miraculously reincarnated.
The general setting was altered for the
film too. In Logan's Run the movie a nuclear
war rather than a "Little War" precipitated the creation of the City
of Domes, meaning that the world outside the City was almost entirely
destroyed....post-apocalyptic rather
than merely futuristic. Perhaps the most significant change in the movie was
that there was no real Sanctuary...no place of safety and peace for the
runners. Instead, Sanctuary
was a myth, a fairy tale.
Despite such radical changes from the source
material, Logan's Run thrives as a worthwhile, exciting, and
intriguing science-fiction artifact of the 1970s for quite a few reasons. The
one-of-a-kind disco-era visualizations and tenor of Logan's Run -- the aura of “anything goes”
hedonism -- continue to ably support the film’s didactic narrative. The
glittering, sexy-but-shallow production design, abundantly rich in neon and
mini-skirts, suggests youth and sexuality, even forty years later.
But perhaps the finest aspect of Logan's Run is indeed the film's capacity to build
in the viewer's imagination a believable and frightening future dystopia. The
City of Domes and its byzantine laws and practices fit the very definition of an authoritarian or
totalitarian state.
Let's gaze a little at what the pieces of
that definition are, and how Logan's
Run successfully
conforms to them.
First, according to one definition, a totalitarian
state "creates myths, catechisms, cults, festivities and rituals"
designed to "commemorate" the State. The central myth of the
City of Domes, of course, is "Renewal," the State-supported lie which
promises immortality. Upon death, the souls of the fallen (those who attend
Carousel) will transmigrate to new, young bodies.
This lie is reinforced by the numbering system employed to "name"
individual citizens (Logan 5, Jessica 6, Francis 7, etc.) These numbers, which
replace last names in this future society, explicitly indicate the march of
generations; that a new baby is actually a "new" version of a person
who has already existed, "died" and "renewed." The numbers
are also totally de-humanizing. Humans become one in a vast indistinguishable
line.
The Carousel "festival" -- a state-sponsored
celebration of "Last Day" --
is attended by all citizens of the City of Domes, and is essentially the
equivalent of, for example, a contemporary NASCAR race, only govt. run. The
people down on the track or field (those who are ostensibly to be renewed...)
circle around and around, and many of them "wreck" before our eyes,
blown apart by a ceiling-mounted laser device that resembles a crystal. Spectators
watch and cheer for Carousel participants to "renew," but what they are really cheering for is
the violent, explosive deaths of friends and fellow citizens.
The State has thus transformed a mandatory
death sentence into the very "ritual" or "festival"
inherent in the tradition of totalitarianism, one that actually reinforces (or "commemorates" as the
definition goes), the Law of the State: mandatory
death at 30.
Economically, this ritual of Carousel
combines the "bread and circuses" aspect of Rome's gladiator games --
satisfying the blood lust of the crowd -- with a "spiritual" or
"religious" church function: the honoring of the dead (or dying); the
belief in transmigration or reincarnation.
This ritual
of Carousel is also supported by a State-created and encouraged catechism, an education in the faith meant to
indoctrinate the people, here termed in short-hand, "One for
One."
In the film, we witness Logan and Francis
debate the dogma/doctrine of "One for One." Francis accepts
it blindly (by simply repeating it mindlessly) while Logan questions it...the
first sign of his independent streak.
This easy-to-remember phrase means -- in
simple terms -- that one person dies/one person renews. It's the seamless,
simple transmigration of the soul or spirit from the dead to the living. From
Logan 4 to Logan 5. From Francis 5 to Francis 6. It's so simple that there can be
no denying it.
People don't die in the City of Domes,
they "renew" (as if they are just TV programs, not living
human beings.) The light on your palm which signals your death is not a
"death clock" but, tellingly, a "life-clock."
Sandmen don't kill. No, they never kill, according to Logan. They
simply "terminate" Runners. And Runners are like "Terrorists" aren't they? Just a faceless boogeyman...not
real flesh and blood people. Additionally, the day of a citizen’s death isn't
called "Death Day or "Execution Day," but known by the pleasant
euphemism Last Day.
This is precisely how Orwell's double-speak,
jargon and euphemisms work. These phrases are widely-disseminated simplifications designed
to impede questioning; to preserve and nurture an authoritarian regime and its
agenda.
A totalitarian state is also defined as one
with a "culture of
military solidarity" in which
"the pursuit and elimination" of Enemies of the State has
become a primary purpose.
Again, it's easy to detect how Logan's Run fits this aspect of the definition of
totalitarianism. In general, the Sandmen lord it over the non-military
personnel of the City of Domes, as Francis specifically does when an innocent
civilian bumps into him at Arcade. Furthermore,
according to City of Domes-style catechism, the Sandmen (the military of this
State) are elevated above other citizens in matters of transmigration too.
"Sandmen Always Renew,"
the catechism goes.
The enemies of the state are termed
"Runners," but they are those, simply, who question the status quo and consequently opt out of Carousel,
attempting to live longer than their allotted thirty years. The Sandmen are in
place to destroy the Runners and prevent all knowledge
of "Sanctuary" from the distracted populace. Runners can't be
imprisoned (that would imbalance the population control system); they have to
be "terminated" on sight. And again, the State employs euphemisms
like terminate (instead of "kill") to make
the act more palatable. When a runner dies, the corpse is melted down by
strange hovering, futuristic machines, but this gory act is euphemistically
termed "cleaning up." If people were to see the destroyed human body
and count it as such they might begin to question the government's
simplifications and slogans, not to mention the status quo.
Logan's Run succeeds as a film in no small part
because of the carefully designed and constructed totalitarian state that our
protagonists, Logan and Jessica flee.
This world -- run by an unfeeling computer
-- is so inhuman, so callous, that it does not even permit mothers and fathers
to raise children. No, families create a sense of personal loyalty outside of loyalty to government, and that cannot
be tolerated in a totalitarian state.
A good villain goes a long way towards
making an effective movie, and in Logan's
Run there is a great
one: a 23rd century Big Brother ordering mandatory executions and destroying
humanity's spirit.
Note too, that like many real life
dictatorships, the City of Domes is carefully erected on lies and deceit.
Inherent in the system of the City is the belief that one does not need to work
or produce. Its people are occupied
entirely with leisure.
This lie is laid bare when Logan visits
the outer workings of the city and finds that a mad robot called
"Box" has frozen the 1,056 unaccounted for runners to be used as food
for the city goers. Box ran out of plankton and animals some time ago, and now
has resorted to capturing and storing unlucky humans in stasis. So the City of
Domes is actually feeding on itself
to survive. The self-sufficient system (which demands death at 30) is not so
self-sufficient after all.
Rather, it is cannibalizing itself.
Yet if the City of Domes is a cage for its
people, it's rather definitively a gilded cage. The people who dwell there,
according to the film's opening card "live only for pleasure."
And that's another core aspect of the Totalitarian/Absolute State: distraction.
The government wants your mind on
"other things," not the government, not
the way things are. One way to avoid
politics and matters of national import is to focus on materialism, on owning
things, or in the vernacular: shopping.
Well, the people of the City of Domes have been told to go shopping
in perpetuity.
Their beautiful City is actually a colossal shopping
mall, and the film was, in fact, shot in a shopping mall in Texas. This
Arcade offers every manner of distraction and entertainment imaginable.
So if you're feeling vain, why not head
over to the New You Shop, where you can get a quickie face lift (or tummy tuck)
and come out looking absolutely fabulous? If you hurry, you can make your
work-out at the gym this afternoon too (as Logan and Francis do during one critical
scene...). If you seek companionship, head over to another part of the mall:
the Love Shop -- the 23rd Century equivalent of Studio 54. There you can take
legal (and safe!) mood-altering drugs called "lifts" (think Prozac or
Xanax).
Then, you can have casual sex with gorgeous strangers (all under 30!). If
you want to stay in your deluxe Sandman apartment tonight instead (conveniently
located right off the mall's promenade...), Logan's
Run even offers the
23rd century corollary to our Internet Porn: the so called computer
"circuit" which materializes sexual partners (male or female), right
at your doorstep.
What does all this mean? Well, clearly the City of Domes is
consumed with youth, beauty, sex, and hedonism. Again, this is a pointed
reflection of our culture in the 1970s, and even more so today. Who cares if
the world is burning? We want our MTV!
Logan's Run's antidote to dystopia may be naive,
however, especially in 2016.
The film espouses, among other things a
renewal of the natural order: a
return to the re-born outside world, and a prescribed departure from
computers, climate-controlled shopping-malls and 24-hour-a-day leisure.
Alas, that's a genie you can put back in
the bottle easily.
Although Logan literally sees the
"light of day" when he leaves the City of Domes -- his first vision
of the natural world is an apricot-colored sun rise -- it is not until he
encounters The Old Man (Peter Ustinov) that the pieces of a re-born future
start to come together. In the end, the message of Logan's Run is that with age comes wisdom, but --
heck! -- "older" leaders were the ones the original youngsters of the
City of Domes inherited the messed-up Earth from in the first place.
One thing is for certain: Logan's
Run favors humanity
over machines. When faced with the reality that Sanctuary is but a fairy tale, Logan
and the humans go on to (hopefully) construct a better society, a new
"Sanctuary" where death is not mandatory at 30.
By contrast, the Computer that runs the
City of Domes is not able to conceive of such a silly idea -- a fantasy utopia
and paradise -- and it goes haywire in response; short-circuited. Once again,
we see imagination as a critical human quality; but it is a heritage that
Logan's people have largely neglected for hedonism. It takes the odyssey
outside by Logan and the return visit to the City by the Old Man to rekindle
it.
Those who watch Logan's Run and deride it as cheesy or outdated may
have missed the point. Perhaps they have not gazed deeply enough at the world
it so confidently creates. The film -- for all its silliness and outdated
special effects -- reveals what might happen to a society that finally turns
irrevocably inward; becoming obsessed with youth and beauty at the expense of
wisdom. If we let that future become reality, then Washington D.C. and all the
beautiful national landmarks there will end up but monuments to irrelevancy;
artifacts of an age when liberty and intellect actually meant something.
Indeed, they have become in Logan's
Run: meaningless, empty ruins from another epoch.
In the final analysis, Logan's Run is a good cautionary science fiction
film, one that reminds us to hold Big Brother accountable. And to -- at least every now and then -- peer out of our happy little gilded
cages and ask, precisely, what is happening in all our names.
Totalitarian States believe you are either
with them (and Carousel) or against them (Runners), but Logan and Jessica find
that a rich life exists beyond dogma, sound-bytes, catechism, and jargon. After
their visit to the ruins of Washington D.C., they find that, at the very least,
life possesses nuances. And that also -- with human experience and age -- should follow...wisdom.
